面對全球氣候變(bian)化(hua)的(de)嚴峻挑(tiao)戰(zhan)，中國(guo)提(ti)(ti)出“2030年前實(shi)現(xian)碳(tan)達(da)峰(feng)，2060年前實(shi)現(xian)碳(tan)中和”目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)標(biao)(biao)（以下(xia)簡稱(cheng)“‘雙碳(tan)’目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)標(biao)(biao)”），并將(jiang)其納入城(cheng)(cheng)鄉經濟社會發(fa)展(zhan)和生態文(wen)明(ming)建(jian)設總體(ti)布局中。縣域城(cheng)(cheng)鎮(zhen)碳(tan)排放總量約占全國(guo)50%以上，是實(shi)現(xian)“雙碳(tan)”目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)標(biao)(biao)的(de)重要治理區域。2021年，國(guo)家(jia)發(fa)改委在《國(guo)家(jia)新(xin)型城(cheng)(cheng)鎮(zhen)化(hua)規劃（2021—2035年）》專(zhuan)家(jia)咨(zi)詢委員會中提(ti)(ti)出，通過創(chuang)新(xin)、智(zhi)慧(hui)、綠色、韌性城(cheng)(cheng)鄉規劃實(shi)現(xian)“雙碳(tan)”目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)標(biao)(biao)下(xia)的(de)新(xin)型城(cheng)(cheng)鎮(zhen)化(hua)。縣域是中國(guo)新(xin)型城(cheng)(cheng)鎮(zhen)化(hua)發(fa)展(zhan)的(de)“主陣地”，引導(dao)城(cheng)(cheng)鎮(zhen)低碳(tan)發(fa)展(zhan)對實(shi)現(xian)“雙碳(tan)”目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)標(biao)(biao)，開展(zhan)全經濟尺度(du)的(de)低碳(tan)部署具(ju)有重大意義。
空(kong)(kong)間(jian)(jian)(jian)低(di)(di)碳(tan)(tan)(tan)規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)作為(wei)結構調整式減排(pai)的(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)途徑(jing)，逐漸成為(wei)縣(xian)(xian)域(yu)(yu)城(cheng)(cheng)鎮(zhen)(zhen)控碳(tan)(tan)(tan)減排(pai)、推(tui)動城(cheng)(cheng)鎮(zhen)(zhen)高質量人(ren)(ren)居(ju)環境建設的(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)手段。空(kong)(kong)間(jian)(jian)(jian)規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)通過(guo)宏觀(guan)政策(ce)、戰(zhan)略規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)和(he)控制性(xing)詳細規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)（以(yi)下簡稱(cheng)“控規(gui)(gui)”）等(deng)調整土地(di)、產(chan)業、能(neng)(neng)源、人(ren)(ren)口、交(jiao)(jiao)通、建筑等(deng)多重(zhong)要(yao)素，直(zhi)接(jie)或(huo)間(jian)(jian)(jian)接(jie)影響碳(tan)(tan)(tan)源、碳(tan)(tan)(tan)匯的(de)(de)空(kong)(kong)間(jian)(jian)(jian)分(fen)布(bu)，進而發揮(hui)節能(neng)(neng)減排(pai)效(xiao)用。本文在(zai)國(guo)土空(kong)(kong)間(jian)(jian)(jian)規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)體系下將縣(xian)(xian)域(yu)(yu)城(cheng)(cheng)鎮(zhen)(zhen)空(kong)(kong)間(jian)(jian)(jian)作為(wei)研究對(dui)象，根據“雙碳(tan)(tan)(tan)”目(mu)標下城(cheng)(cheng)鎮(zhen)(zhen)低(di)(di)碳(tan)(tan)(tan)規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)任務(wu)，從城(cheng)(cheng)鎮(zhen)(zhen)布(bu)局、產(chan)業、交(jiao)(jiao)通、人(ren)(ren)居(ju)和(he)生態(tai)綠地(di)五個方(fang)(fang)面(mian)探索縣(xian)(xian)域(yu)(yu)城(cheng)(cheng)鎮(zhen)(zhen)空(kong)(kong)間(jian)(jian)(jian)低(di)(di)碳(tan)(tan)(tan)規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)研究方(fang)(fang)法和(he)規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)技術路徑(jing)，并在(zai)長(chang)興縣(xian)(xian)進行技術應用，以(yi)期(qi)發揮(hui)國(guo)土空(kong)(kong)間(jian)(jian)(jian)規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)“雙碳(tan)(tan)(tan)”目(mu)標落位(wei)職能(neng)(neng)，有(you)效(xiao)推(tui)動和(he)指(zhi)導縣(xian)(xian)域(yu)(yu)城(cheng)(cheng)鎮(zhen)(zhen)低(di)(di)碳(tan)(tan)(tan)發展，為(wei)縣(xian)(xian)域(yu)(yu)城(cheng)(cheng)鎮(zhen)(zhen)空(kong)(kong)間(jian)(jian)(jian)低(di)(di)碳(tan)(tan)(tan)規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)調控提供技術支(zhi)撐。
1、“雙(shuang)碳”目標與縣域城鎮空間(jian)低碳規(gui)劃
縣(xian)(xian)(xian)域國土空(kong)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)總(zong)體規(gui)劃具有“雙碳(tan)(tan)(tan)”目標的(de)(de)(de)落(luo)位職(zhi)能，通(tong)過生(sheng)態空(kong)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、農業(ye)(ye)空(kong)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)和(he)城(cheng)鎮空(kong)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)規(gui)劃與管控(kong)，調整(zheng)碳(tan)(tan)(tan)流通(tong)的(de)(de)(de)方向和(he)流量，落(luo)實縣(xian)(xian)(xian)域低(di)(di)碳(tan)(tan)(tan)人(ren)居(ju)環境建設。縣(xian)(xian)(xian)域城(cheng)鎮空(kong)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)對(dui)碳(tan)(tan)(tan)源碳(tan)(tan)(tan)匯(hui)存在較為復雜的(de)(de)(de)影(ying)響(xiang)肌理(li)，不同空(kong)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)規(gui)劃系統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)可以通(tong)過規(gui)模(mo)、結(jie)構(gou)、布局等管控(kong)，直接(jie)或(huo)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)接(jie)影(ying)響(xiang)碳(tan)(tan)(tan)排放(fang)總(zong)量。結(jie)合既有研究中(zhong)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)域空(kong)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)系統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)和(he)碳(tan)(tan)(tan)排放(fang)之間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)關聯分析，其中(zhong)城(cheng)鎮用地系統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)、產業(ye)(ye)發展系統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)、交通(tong)出(chu)行系統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)、人(ren)居(ju)生(sheng)活(huo)系統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)和(he)生(sheng)態綠地系統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)能夠(gou)通(tong)過相應(ying)的(de)(de)(de)空(kong)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)系統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)部門規(gui)劃調控(kong)影(ying)響(xiang)碳(tan)(tan)(tan)排放(fang)量。基于(yu)此，本文(wen)結(jie)合不同階段的(de)(de)(de)“雙碳(tan)(tan)(tan)”目標，探討(tao)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)域城(cheng)鎮空(kong)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)系統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)低(di)(di)碳(tan)(tan)(tan)發展的(de)(de)(de)實現路徑，從低(di)(di)碳(tan)(tan)(tan)布局、低(di)(di)碳(tan)(tan)(tan)產業(ye)(ye)、低(di)(di)碳(tan)(tan)(tan)交通(tong)、低(di)(di)碳(tan)(tan)(tan)人(ren)居(ju)和(he)生(sheng)態綠地五個方面提出(chu)減排增(zeng)匯(hui)的(de)(de)(de)空(kong)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)低(di)(di)碳(tan)(tan)(tan)規(gui)劃任(ren)務（圖1）。
▲ 圖1 | “雙碳”目標下縣(xian)域城鎮空間低(di)碳規劃任(ren)務
2、“雙碳”目標下縣域城鎮空間低碳規劃管(guan)控要素
基于既(ji)(ji)有(you)研(yan)究(jiu)中空(kong)間(jian)(jian)(jian)規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)與(yu)碳(tan)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)碳(tan)匯關聯性(xing)研(yan)究(jiu)，縣域(yu)城(cheng)鎮空(kong)間(jian)(jian)(jian)指標(biao)(biao)(biao)能夠(gou)直(zhi)接(jie)或(huo)(huo)間(jian)(jian)(jian)接(jie)地(di)影響(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)碳(tan)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)碳(tan)匯。其中，直(zhi)接(jie)影響(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)指標(biao)(biao)(biao)可通(tong)過對應空(kong)間(jian)(jian)(jian)系統(tong)部(bu)門的(de)規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)管控(kong)影響(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)碳(tan)排放量(liang)(liang)，間(jian)(jian)(jian)接(jie)影響(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)指標(biao)(biao)(biao)則是(shi)(shi)通(tong)過空(kong)間(jian)(jian)(jian)規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)結構性(xing)調(diao)控(kong)或(huo)(huo)是(shi)(shi)能源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)效(xiao)率及用能方式調(diao)整，對縣域(yu)城(cheng)鎮碳(tan)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)碳(tan)匯總量(liang)(liang)形成一定的(de)影響(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)。基于相關學術(shu)文獻、評價標(biao)(biao)(biao)準和(he)規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)導則統(tong)計，既(ji)(ji)有(you)研(yan)究(jiu)中直(zhi)接(jie)或(huo)(huo)間(jian)(jian)(jian)接(jie)影響(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)碳(tan)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)碳(tan)匯的(de)空(kong)間(jian)(jian)(jian)指標(biao)(biao)(biao)有(you)70余(yu)個，剔除其中不易通(tong)過規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)手段進(jin)行管控(kong)的(de)指標(biao)(biao)(biao)（如氣候環境(jing)等），進(jin)一步分析既(ji)(ji)有(you)生(sheng)態城(cheng)鎮或(huo)(huo)城(cheng)鎮低(di)碳(tan)規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)理論及規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)實(shi)踐經驗，結合縣域(yu)城(cheng)鎮空(kong)間(jian)(jian)(jian)低(di)碳(tan)規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)任務，從定性(xing)和(he)定量(liang)(liang)的(de)角度篩選和(he)提(ti)取(qu)規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)管控(kong)要素（圖2）。值得注意(yi)的(de)是(shi)(shi)，縣域(yu)城(cheng)鎮空(kong)間(jian)(jian)(jian)低(di)碳(tan)規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)并非一種全新(xin)規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)體(ti)系，而是(shi)(shi)對現(xian)行規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)的(de)完善(shan)和(he)補(bu)充。
圖(tu)片▲ 圖(tu)2 | 縣域(yu)城鎮空間低碳規(gui)劃(hua)管控要素及其與現行規(gui)劃(hua)銜接
3、“雙碳(tan)”目標下縣域城(cheng)鎮空間低碳(tan)規劃(hua)技術路徑
結(jie)合(he)縣域城鎮空間(jian)(jian)低碳規(gui)劃(hua)任務及規(gui)劃(hua)管控要(yao)素，通過回歸分析(xi)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)、熵值計算、POI核密(mi)度分析(xi)、建(jian)筑能耗(hao)模擬等多種(zhong)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)，分析(xi)用(yong)地(di)布局、產業空間(jian)(jian)、交(jiao)通空間(jian)(jian)、人居空間(jian)(jian)、生態(tai)綠地(di)與碳排放、碳匯的(de)關聯機制，提出針對性的(de)縣域城鎮空間(jian)(jian)低碳規(gui)劃(hua)技(ji)術，并(bing)確定(ding)規(gui)劃(hua)管控指(zhi)標范圍和管控途徑(jing)（圖3）。
圖片▲ 圖3 | 縣域城鎮空(kong)間(jian)低碳規劃研究方法及技術路(lu)線
在不同城鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)開展相關(guan)研究過程中發(fa)現，并非所有規劃(hua)(hua)管(guan)控要(yao)素都具有普適性(xing)和通(tong)用性(xing)。受(shou)到(dao)氣候(hou)環(huan)境(jing)、地(di)形條件(jian)、文(wen)化(hua)風俗(su)、社會經濟(ji)發(fa)展水(shui)平等因素影(ying)響(xiang)，部分規劃(hua)(hua)管(guan)控指標在不同城鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)中具有較大差(cha)(cha)異性(xing)、呈現顯(xian)著的(de)地(di)域(yu)(yu)性(xing)特征。因此，基于縣(xian)域(yu)(yu)城鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)空間(jian)低碳規劃(hua)(hua)研究方法及(ji)技術路線(xian)，深入分析差(cha)(cha)異化(hua)城鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)空間(jian)規劃(hua)(hua)管(guan)控指標及(ji)規劃(hua)(hua)途徑，建立(li)通(tong)用型(xing)-地(di)域(yu)(yu)型(xing)縣(xian)域(yu)(yu)城鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)空間(jian)低碳規劃(hua)(hua)技術體系框(kuang)架（圖4）。
圖(tu)片▲ 圖(tu)4 | 通用型-地域型縣域城(cheng)鎮(zhen)空間低碳規劃(hua)技(ji)術體系框(kuang)架
4、“雙碳(tan)”目標下縣(xian)域城鎮空間低(di)碳(tan)規劃技術應用——以長(chang)興(xing)縣(xian)為例
浙江(jiang)省長興縣是(shi)蘇、浙、皖(wan)三(san)省交(jiao)界的重(zhong)要(yao)節點(dian)，地處(chu)長三(san)角經濟圈，產業結構以二(er)、三(san)產業為主，是(shi)浙江(jiang)省具有(you)代表性的高碳(tan)排放量(liang)縣域城(cheng)鎮之一。針(zhen)對“雙碳(tan)”目(mu)標，長興縣空(kong)間規(gui)劃需要(yao)同時兼顧“減碳(tan)增匯”，通(tong)過(guo)規(gui)劃技(ji)術及指標管控降低土地、交(jiao)通(tong)和建筑碳(tan)排放，有(you)效增強城(cheng)鎮碳(tan)匯能力(li)。
4.1 城鎮用地布局規(gui)劃技(ji)術(shu)
采用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)信息熵(shang)計算長(chang)興縣土地(di)(di)利(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)混(hun)合(he)(he)度(du)（2010—2017年(nian)），土地(di)(di)利(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)混(hun)合(he)(he)度(du)每(mei)增加1%、碳排放量相應(ying)減少0.886%。為(wei)減低(di)縣域城鎮土地(di)(di)利(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)碳排放，長(chang)興縣建(jian)設用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)地(di)(di)應(ying)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)規模(mo)擴(kuo)張，提(ti)升土地(di)(di)利(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)混(hun)合(he)(he)度(du)。結(jie)合(he)(he)長(chang)興縣2035年(nian)戰略規劃目標(biao)，住宅用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)地(di)(di)面積擴(kuo)張宜(yi)(yi)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)在2.1km2，新增公共服務用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)地(di)(di)面積應(ying)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)在0.5km2，總體規劃預留(liu)8km2作為(wei)定(ding)量不定(ding)位的(de)機動(dong)指標(biao)范圍，土地(di)(di)利(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)混(hun)合(he)(he)度(du)宜(yi)(yi)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)在1.63～1.74。
在城(cheng)鎮(zhen)空間布局研究中，采用主(zhu)要道路和水系作為(wei)(wei)界(jie)限，將長興(xing)縣劃分為(wei)(wei)144個街區(qu)(qu)，結合(he)土地利用現狀圖(tu)和GIS平臺POI識別校對，明確各街區(qu)(qu)功(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)種(zhong)類并計算混(hun)(hun)(hun)合(he)街區(qu)(qu)比例，當功(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)種(zhong)類≥2時(shi)，混(hun)(hun)(hun)合(he)功(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)街區(qu)(qu)比例為(wei)(wei)72.2%；功(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)種(zhong)類≥3時(shi)，混(hun)(hun)(hun)合(he)功(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)街區(qu)(qu)比例為(wei)(wei)40.9%。在“雙碳”目標(biao)下(xia)，通過(guo)增加(jia)混(hun)(hun)(hun)合(he)街區(qu)(qu)功(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)比例，提(ti)升城(cheng)鎮(zhen)空間緊湊度及兼容性、減低交通碳排放，以街區(qu)(qu)功(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)種(zhong)類大于等于2為(wei)(wei)標(biao)準，長興(xing)縣混(hun)(hun)(hun)合(he)功(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)街區(qu)(qu)比例發展目標(biao)建議為(wei)(wei)75%。
4.2 綠色產業結構(gou)規劃技術
根據中國科學院對長興縣(xian)人口發(fa)展及(ji)人均碳(tan)(tan)排(pai)放預(yu)(yu)測，結(jie)合長興縣(xian)產(chan)業(ye)結(jie)構(gou)及(ji)能(neng)源布局，預(yu)(yu)測長興縣(xian)產(chan)業(ye)發(fa)展情(qing)景，將形成(cheng)(cheng)以商(shang)貿(mao)流通和工業(ye)發(fa)展為主、旅(lv)游發(fa)展為輔的(de)產(chan)業(ye)結(jie)構(gou)。針對以原材料生產(chan)制造為主的(de)第(di)二(er)產(chan)業(ye)，通過生產(chan)過程監管和生產(chan)方式(shi)優化的(de)方式(shi)降低碳(tan)(tan)排(pai)放量(liang)，同時將資(zi)源向東部新建(jian)的(de)高(gao)端產(chan)業(ye)區傾斜，逐步淘(tao)汰低附加值、高(gao)污染能(neng)耗的(de)產(chan)業(ye)。適當增(zeng)加工礦倉(cang)儲用(yong)地規模，整合生產(chan)制造、物聯網、倉(cang)儲等(deng)功(gong)能(neng)，依(yi)托(tuo)現有(you)城鎮公共(gong)服務平(ping)臺建(jian)立(li)兩個核心產(chan)業(ye)園區，形成(cheng)(cheng)集約高(gao)效、生態(tai)環保的(de)綠色科技產(chan)業(ye)群，增(zeng)強產(chan)業(ye)集聚化發(fa)展能(neng)力(li)。
4.3 低碳交通出行規劃技(ji)術
根據長興(xing)縣(xian)城(cheng)鎮公(gong)(gong)共服務(wu)(wu)設(she)施(shi)的(de)配(pei)(pei)置(zhi)、容納量(liang)和(he)(he)服務(wu)(wu)效率(lv)，結(jie)合公(gong)(gong)共交(jiao)通覆(fu)蓋率(lv)，提出(chu)綠(lv)色出(chu)行(xing)導向的(de)規(gui)劃(hua)技(ji)術。合理(li)布(bu)局與(yu)配(pei)(pei)置(zhi)長興(xing)縣(xian)城(cheng)鎮公(gong)(gong)共交(jiao)通站(zhan)點及站(zhan)臺距離，使公(gong)(gong)交(jiao)站(zhan)點500m范圍覆(fu)蓋率(lv)達(da)到65%，引入智慧公(gong)(gong)交(jiao)系(xi)(xi)統、提升居(ju)民(min)出(chu)行(xing)便捷度(du)，形成高效、低碳的(de)綠(lv)色公(gong)(gong)交(jiao)體系(xi)(xi)。同時，通過適當縮小街(jie)區(qu)尺度(du)、提升街(jie)區(qu)功(gong)能混合度(du)和(he)(he)公(gong)(gong)共服務(wu)(wu)設(she)施(shi)慢行(xing)可(ke)達(da)性，營造(zao)安(an)全、便捷、舒適的(de)慢行(xing)環(huan)境(jing)，引導居(ju)民(min)采用步行(xing)及自行(xing)車等綠(lv)色出(chu)行(xing)交(jiao)通方式，減少機動車使用率(lv)。此外(wai)，結(jie)合長興(xing)縣(xian)城(cheng)鎮中(zhong)心區(qu)、片區(qu)和(he)(he)社(she)區(qu)三個層級，合理(li)配(pei)(pei)置(zhi)公(gong)(gong)共服務(wu)(wu)設(she)施(shi)數量(liang)并優化其空(kong)間布(bu)局、提升可(ke)達(da)性，有效控制商業服務(wu)(wu)和(he)(he)公(gong)(gong)共服務(wu)(wu)用地規(gui)模增長。
4.4 基于氣候的(de)建筑布局技術
在(zai)長興(xing)縣(xian)144個街區中提取典型空(kong)間布(bu)局模(mo)型，將長興(xing)縣(xian)夏(xia)季、冬(dong)季平均(jun)氣溫和風(feng)速作為(wei)能(neng)耗(hao)模(mo)擬的(de)氣候(hou)數據，采(cai)用Openstudio軟件(jian)分(fen)析街區空(kong)間布(bu)局對建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)能(neng)耗(hao)的(de)影響，通過管控(kong)街區布(bu)局、住區布(bu)局、建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)形(xing)態等規(gui)劃途徑，降低住宅用地碳(tan)排(pai)放。長興(xing)縣(xian)城鎮建(jian)(jian)設密度建(jian)(jian)議在(zai)40%～50%，在(zai)兼顧遮陽效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)果與(yu)風(feng)環境條件(jian)下，重要區域街區容(rong)積率(lv)范圍為(wei)2.0～3.5。街區及(ji)住區空(kong)間布(bu)局規(gui)劃宜(yi)減小圍合(he)程(cheng)度，提升夏(xia)季街區散熱(re)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)率(lv)；同時盡量采(cai)用緊(jin)湊式布(bu)局，提升冬(dong)季保溫效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)果、降低建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)能(neng)耗(hao)。建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)朝向以(yi)正南正北為(wei)宜(yi)，采(cai)用建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)長軸與(yu)主導(dao)風(feng)相平行的(de)行列式布(bu)局以(yi)增加(jia)空(kong)氣流動。結合(he)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)能(neng)耗(hao)模(mo)擬，建(jian)(jian)議居住建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)高(gao)度控(kong)制在(zai)40m以(yi)下，南向窗墻比(bi)(bi)控(kong)制在(zai)0.35～0.4，北向窗墻比(bi)(bi)宜(yi)控(kong)制在(zai)0.25～0.3。
4.5 生態(tai)綠(lv)化碳匯網(wang)絡技術(shu)
從加強(qiang)(qiang)生態(tai)功(gong)能(neng)保障(zhang)區(qu)建(jian)設(she)入(ru)手(shou)，在縣域國土(tu)空間(jian)規(gui)劃中(zhong)堅(jian)守生態(tai)紅線，遏制(zhi)林(lin)地(di)(di)和園地(di)(di)用地(di)(di)規(gui)模下降。結(jie)合土(tu)地(di)(di)利用與(yu)碳排放回歸分析結(jie)果，耕地(di)(di)規(gui)模變化對碳排放影響(xiang)較小，可通過退(tui)耕還林(lin)、發展(zhan)生態(tai)工業、生態(tai)旅游，在不影響(xiang)地(di)(di)區(qu)經濟的(de)同時(shi)增強(qiang)(qiang)碳匯能(neng)力(li)。為增強(qiang)(qiang)綠(lv)(lv)地(di)(di)碳匯能(neng)力(li)，栽植(zhi)培育固(gu)碳能(neng)力(li)強(qiang)(qiang)且景(jing)觀效(xiao)果好的(de)本土(tu)植(zhi)被，包括灌木(mu)臘梅，喬木(mu)棕櫚(lv)、銀杏等。此外，針(zhen)對不同類(lei)型公(gong)園綠(lv)(lv)地(di)(di)的(de)15min慢(man)行(xing)(xing)可達范圍，對綠(lv)(lv)地(di)(di)總量進行(xing)(xing)適當補充，合理增設(she)公(gong)交線路或站點，優化慢(man)行(xing)(xing)交通可達效(xiao)率，形(xing)成低碳出行(xing)(xing)導向的(de)公(gong)園綠(lv)(lv)地(di)(di)系統(tong)布局。
綜(zong)上，面(mian)向我(wo)國(guo)“雙碳(tan)”重大(da)戰略背景(jing)下新型(xing)城鎮(zhen)化(hua)發展的重要需求，文(wen)章基于“雙碳(tan)”目標下縣域(yu)國(guo)土(tu)(tu)空(kong)間(jian)規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)的落位(wei)職(zhi)能和實踐(jian)問題，提(ti)出縣域(yu)城鎮(zhen)空(kong)間(jian)低碳(tan)規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)研究思路及技術(shu)路徑(jing)，不僅可以直(zhi)接影(ying)響產業能源、交通出行、建筑(zhu)能耗(hao)和生(sheng)態綠化(hua)等(deng)碳(tan)源碳(tan)匯，還能夠通過土(tu)(tu)地利用(yong)規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)、建設用(yong)地管控、空(kong)間(jian)布局規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)等(deng)非(fei)能源領(ling)域(yu)的控碳(tan)減排(pai)途徑(jing)，補充和完善縣級、鄉鎮(zhen)級國(guo)土(tu)(tu)空(kong)間(jian)規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)涉及的低碳(tan)控碳(tan)規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)內容，為(wei)國(guo)土(tu)(tu)空(kong)間(jian)規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)體系下控規(gui)(gui)編制提(ti)供技術(shu)支持。